Place the sugar in the bowl of an electric mixer. (You can also mix up these cookies by hand, but it's easier with an electric mixer.)
Add the softened butter and mix on LOW speed until the butter is combined. Then turn the mixer up to MEDIUM speed and beat until the mixture is light and fluffy.
Add the eggs and mix until they are well incorporated.
Add the maple syrup, the maple extract or flavoring, and the vanilla extract. Mix them in thoroughly.
Sprinkle in the salt, baking soda, and baking powder. Mix until they are combined.
Mix in the flour a half-cup at a time, beating after each addition.
Take the bowl out of the mixer and scrape down the inside with a rubber spatula. Give the bowl another stir by hand to mix everything into the dough.
Tuck a piece of plastic wrap down around the dough in your bowl. Then stick the whole bowl in the refrigerator for 1 hour.
When your dough has chilled for 1 hour, pre-heat the oven to 350 degrees F., rack in the middle position.
Measure out 1/2 cup white (granulated) sugar and place it in a shallow bowl. You'll use this to coat your dough balls.
Prepare your cookie sheets by spraying them with Pam or another nonstick cooking spray, or lining them with parchment paper or a silicone baking mat.
Roll the cookie dough into walnut-sized balls with your hands. (Lisa and I use a 2-teaspoon scooper to do this down at The Cookie Jar.)
Roll the dough balls in the bowl of white sugar and then place them on the prepared cookie sheets, 12 cookie dough balls to a standard-size sheet.
Flatten the cookie dough balls with a metal spatula.
Bake the cookies at 350 degrees F. for 10 to 12 minutes or until they are nicely browned.
Take the cookies out of the oven. Cool them on the cookie sheets for 2 minutes, and then remove them to a rack to finish cooling. (If you leave them on the cookie sheets for too long, they'll stick.)
When all your cookies are baked and they are cooling on wire racks, make the Fudge Filling.